The Colonial Newsletter, no. 23

P.O.Box 4411

Huntsville, Alabama 35802

J. C.SplIman, Editor

Volume 7, No. 3

July 1968

Serial No. 23

E PLURIBUS UNUM

Pictured at the right is the Rahway Mint
Historical Marker located at the South
Bank of the Rahway River on the east
side of what *is now St. George’s Avenue
in Rahway, New Jersey. The original
marker was erected in 1956 and later
destroyed by an automobile accident; the
present marker was erected about two
years ago.

The site of the original mint of the New
Jersey Coppers was established through
the research of Mr. Damon G. Douglas and
the data published in The Proceedings of
the New Jersey Historical Society ^ (July
1951), Volume 69, pp. 223-230. Based on
Mr. Douglas’ evidence, the State of New
Jersey Department of Conservation and
Economic Development erected the Rahway
Mint Historical Marker at the site.

We are pleased to present in this issue
a reprint of Mr. Douglas’ research for
our patrons. Our thanks to all those who
cooperated with us in this effort, with
special acknowledgement to -

• Isabel C. Brooks;

Assistant Supervisor, Historic Sites,
State of New Jersey Department of Con-
servation and Economic Development.

• Frank P. Townsend;

Editor, New Jersey History, formerly
The Proceedings of the New Jersey
Historical Society.

• Damon G. Douglas;

Author, The Original Mint of the New
Jersey Coppers.

O The Colonial Newsletter, 1968

21

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 22

and TECHNICAL NOTES
• • from Eric P. Newman

CIRCULATION of ST. PATRICK FARTHINGS in AMERICA CTN-8)

With respect to St. Patrick farthings, it seems to me that Walter Breen's
comment in his letter (CNL April, 1968, TN-7) should be clarified. He
stated that St. Patrick farthings have been found "by the hundreds in non-
collector acqumulations consisting principally of worn out halfpence, Rosa
Americana and Wood's Coinages. " This was mentioned to prove American
circulation of St. Patrick farthings. I had pointed out in an article in the
May 1963. Numismatist that only St. Patrick halfpence and not farthings
were included in the New Jersey authorization to Mark Newby in 1688.

I think readers would be interested in documentation of any such accumu-
lation being found in America. I know of no newspaper or other written
mention of circulation at any time of St. Patrick farthings in America.
Accumulations found in England or Ireland would not be probative as
all the coins were of English or Irish origin. Since all accumulations
mentioned included quantities of worn eighteenth century copper coinage
such as Woods, Rosa Americana and George I, II, and III pieces, this
would not indicate seventeenth century circulation of any St. Patrick
pieces which were Included in it. While Breen is not asserting that
St. Patrick farthings circulated in seventeenth century America, it would
be helpful if anyone knows of any evidence of their eighteenth century
circulation in America.

• • from Edward R. Barnsley

FRANCIS HOPKINSON & SEVEN DEVICES WITH MOTTOES (TN-9)

The letter from C. D. Grace published in your March-June, 1966, issue, page 25,
gives one the Impression that Francis Hopkinson was the sole designer of "seven
Devices with Mottoes" used on the 1778-1779 Continental Currency, as well as
certain other "Borders, Ornaments, and Checks for the new Continental Currency
now in the Press". This conception is based on the fact that Hopkinson submitted
bills to Congress for eight categories of work for which he claimed credit, in-
cluding those two just mentioned. However, Mr. Grace did not state that these
bills were never paid, "Because it is within the knowledge of one of the Members
of the Board, that with respect to the charges of the works incidental to the
Treasury, the said Francis Hopkinson was not the only person consulted on these
exhibitions of Fancy, and therefore cannot claim the sole merit of them, and is
not entitled in this respect to the full sum charged." (Reference; Hastings,

George E., "Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson", Chicago, 1926, p. 249).

It would appear from these official minutes that Hopkinson had more or less help
from other people in this work, hence any unqualified statement that he was the
only designer should be taken, like the old Latins did, "Cum Grano Salis" until
proof positive is produced. It should only be said at the present time that he was
the principal developer of the emblems in question.

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 23

RESEARCH FORUM

Tabulated below are several new inquiries submitted to the
Research Forum by our patrons. Answers or information
relative to these questions will be extremely helpful to
those of us doing research in Colonial American Numismatics
and related fields. Please address correspondence on these
items to ye editor.

RF-19 FUG 10 HOARDS

The Bank of New York "hoard" of Fugio Cents of 1787 was discussed in the
July - September 1967 issue of The Colonial Newsletter. Is the existence
known or reported of any similar "hoards" of Fugio Cents?

RF-20 U.S. 1797 LARGE CENT STRUCK OVER
MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT

Raymond Catalogue, (page 49), says that the U. S. Mint large cent of 1797 is
known struck over a Massachusetts half cent. "Penny Whimsy" describes 35 die
combinations of this year yet makes no mention of such overstriking. Where did
Raymond get this information? How many pieces are now known? Is the
Massachusetts die attributable?

RF-21 WHO WAS H. N. RUST ?

The five extant dies of "New Haven" Fugios (The Colonial Newsletter,
October 1964, RF-16, page 60) all appear to have been owned at one time
by Mr. Horatio N. Rust, believed to be of New York City. Mr. Rust reported
to the Editor of The American Journal of Numismatics (Volume III, page 72)
his "discovery" of these dies in Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut.
Fourteen years later, in the obituary of C. Wyllys Betts, the same journal
reported that these dies were located by Betts and purchased by Rust.

This inquiry addresses itself to the positive identification of Mr. H. (Horatio?}
N. Rust and to his relationship to the business and numismatic community.

Any information relative to Mr, Rust will be helpful.

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 24

RF-22 the "FIFTH PROPOSAL"

Of the five proposals for contract coinage for the United States reported by
the Board of Treasury on April 9 , 1787, two were submitted for the considera-
tion of the Continental Congress, and three were discarded as being to
"the embarrassment of the Public Finances. " One of these discarded pro-
posals appears in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 136, pp 483-
486, but neither the name of the proposer or the date of submittal is recorded.
This proposal is presented in full, below. Can anyone identify the proposer
or author of this rather farsighted memorial ?

0 In establishing a Coin and making it pass through the whole Continent care
should be taken to render everybody pleased therewith so as to be ready to
accept of it in the fullest confidence; to which end the following consider-
ations strike me as necessary to be observed.

1st That the free circulation of such Money is every one's Interest,

and for making it appear to them in that light, the most eligible method in
my opinion would be to erect a National Bank connected with the Mint, open
for the reception of what they can put in so that all may have a share, for
should it be confined to any set Number of Men, the Community at large may
be induced to say - "Let them that have the Bank to themselves, keep the
Money to themselves, " which would destroy the uses for which the Coinage
is intended.

2nd That to prevent the Exportation of Money the intrinsic value of It

ought to be something less than what it passes for, and as every bodies Interest
is connected with the Circulation of it, by having a share in the Bank, its
reputation will not by that Circumstance be diminished.

3rd That the Coinage ought to be made as soon possible, before all the

Gold and Silver are sent out of the Country and to such an Amount as to create
an apparent plenty thereof in the circulation, for should any scarcity be
supposed it will cause it to become an Article of Merchandise, and thereby
prevent the Utility of the plan. The least Sum that I think should be issued
is the value of half a Million of Pounds Sterling.

If the Congress thinks fit to adopt my proposal of immediately getting over
the value of One hundred thousand Pounds Sterling in Copper Coin, the same
in effect will be productive of double that sum, for by the different States
issuing the same in Payment for the Services of the Government, the equiv-
alent of the same in Gold & Silver will remain in their hands which being

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July 1968 the COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 25

sent to the Mint to be coined will together with the amount of said Copper
Coin make up two fifths of the stipulated Sum the remaining three fifths I am
persuaded will not be difficult to raise, for the Public finding the benefit of
such a circulation, the monied People whose Treasure is perhaps now buried
will be induced to bring forward their Gold & Silver to purchase Shares In
the Bank.

Another suggestion I beg leave to make is, that the Persons employed in
Coining, should be entirely excluded from any Interest or Profit accruing
from it except the Terms or Wages on which they are employed, which will
prevent an adulteration of the Metal, and many other inconveniences further.
Circumspection is necessary in employing the most eligible People in the
business or Coining, these are to be found only among those who have been
regularly trained up & engaged in such business and from their acquaintance
with it have been lucratively employed whereby having acquired a good
reputation will not undertake a new Employment of the same Nature unless
encouraged by a suitable offer equally to be depended upon. New Adven-
turers may offer themselves regardless of any other principle than that of
self Interest, or at least without a due sense of their Ignorance of the
business so that in the execution of it the design of the present plan may be
thwarted, and if once wounded cannot easily be healed.

As self Interest & Ambition are Principles by which Mankind are actuated any
Plan that can promote the former and feed the latter must be conducive to the
Cementing of that Union which this Country is desirous of preserving between
its several States; the present plan therefore is in my opinion of that Nature,
the Interest of the Country in it being already pointed out, and the Ambition
consisting In being on a footing with other Nations by having a Coin of its
own. If the Congress view It in this light and are willing to engage with me,

I will with all possible Speed make a Voyage to Sweden and get the afore-
mentioned One hundred thousand Pounds Sterling In such Copper Money as
shall be fixed on which together with the Dyes as also for those of the Gold
& Silver I will bring over along with the other Implements necessary for use
which in that Country can most probably be made at a less expence & in a
better manner than in any other. I will further engage to bring over two
able Coiners, but I cannot promise that they shall be the most Capital, for
the lucrativeness of their employment is such as perhaps this Country at
present could not afford to equallize.

On my bringing this aforementioned Sum of One hundred thousand Pounds I
require no other Payment than the value thereof according to the Rate in
which the Money is current here, in Goods at a Market price, unexceptional
Bills of Exchange, or In any other manner than can be mutually agreed upon
so that there shall be no deficiency in the said Amount. I likewise require
no other payment for the Implements aforementioned than what they actually

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 26

& bona fide cost me (which shall be shewn by proper attested Accounts)
together with the incidental Expenses of Shipping, Insurance Freight &c
that will attend the transporting them hither.

If this Plan when duly considered Is approved of, I presume that the gain
accruing to me cannot be thought too great it being only what the Mint
when established here will derive itself in Coining; but whatever may be
the determination of Congress, I request an explicit and definitive Answer
within fourteen days as the Nature of my other engagements would render
a longer detention injurious to me.

• • Recent replies to earlier Research Forum questions

RF-4 (CNL, August 1963, p.7)

What edge is on the silver "Kentucky" token ?

• ^ Richard Picker reports a silver Kentucky (Middleton) token
with a plain edge.

RF-5 (CNL, August 1963, p.7)

How many collectors have specimens of varieties 1-A, 2-B, 3-C and
6-F of the tin farthings of 1688 reading 1/24 Part Real ?

# ^ Eric P . Newman advises us that his collection has specimens of all
varieties shown on the plate included in A.N.S. Museum Notes XI ,
(James II l/24th Real for the American hantations), and that if someone
is doing further research on this project he will be glad to give them
further data.

RF-10 (CNL, December 1963, p. 14)

Coin World of March 29, 1963 on page 43 notes in an article by
Russell Rulau, that Woodward stated that Mott tokens dated 1789 were
restruck on both thick and thin planchets. Is this report correct; if so,
how are they told apart ?

• ^ Robert A. Vlack reports that the differences in the thick and thin
planchets of Mott tokens is quite apparent. The thick one would be
equivalent to the weight of a halfpenny English token, and the thin one
to a farthing English token. - " I have always suspected this to be the
case as only the thick one has the plain edge whereas the thin one is
almost always milled with a coarse grain. I have a thick one about three
times the thickness of a thin, so the difference is very obvious. "

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 27

A COLONIAL NEWSLETTER REPRINT •

• from The Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society

THE ORIGINAL MINT OF THE
NEW JERSEY COPPERS

By Damon G. Douglas

A significant but almost forgotten episode in New Jersey’s
“experiment in independence” was the exercise of sovereignty
through the establishment of a state coinage in 1786. It con-
sisted of some 3, (XX), 000 “Horse Head” coppers upon which
appeared for the first time on any authorized coinage the
legend E PLURIBUS UNUM,^

That the site of the mint in which such an historic coin was
first made should have been entirely forgotten and that two
other locations at which the coinage was subsequently carried
on are presently the only recognized mint sites is a prank of
fate that can now be corrected.

These two later locations, the John Cleves Symmes home in
Morristown,^ and the Matthias Ogden home in Elizabethtown,*
were recorded some sixty years after the events in reminis-
cences by an octogenarian and a septuagenarian who each
recalled having seen in early childhood one of these mints in
operation. But no such eyewitness account of the original mint
has come to light and thus its very existence as well as its
identification have perforce been established from a mosaic
of existing documentary fragments. However, the picture they
piece together is a clear one and establishes the south bank
of the Rahway River on the east side of what is now St.
George’s Ave., Rahway, as the historic site. The evidence is
presented now for the first time.

A grist mill and a saw mill then occupied the site. Sold to
Christopher Marsh by Abraham Clark three months before he
signed the Declaration of Independence, they became the prop-
erty of Daniel Marsh in October, 1777.^ They appear in the
list of ratables assessed against him in 1779 to 1783,® the only
years for which the records are extant, and were a part of his
estate at his death in 1803.® A careful search of the county
deeds indicate them to be the only mills of which he was
possessed.

1 Sylvester S. Crosby, The Early Coins of Atnerica, Boston, 1873,
gives most of the previously published history of the issue. Referred to
hereafter as Crosby,

^Lewis Condict in Proceedings of NJ, Hist, Soc,, 1856, p.lO, and
Crosby, p.282.

^Crosby, p.287, Ernest L. Meyer's Map of Elizabeth, 1775-1783, labels
it '‘Robert Ogden", Matthias' father. A description is given in Essex
Deeds, N-441, 15 June 1807, by Matthias Ogden's three sons to Joel R.
Davis.

•^Essex Deeds, D 2-290.

®N.J, State Library, Ratables, Box 37.

®Essex Deeds, H-645.

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 28

This Daniel Marsh had served as an Essex County Justice
of the Peace and as one of the judges of the County Court of
Common Pleas. In 1785 he was elected one of Essex County's
three representatives in the General Assembly and in January
of 1786, witli five associates, had inaugurated a new litic of
stages between New York and Philadelphia.''

The Continental Congress was giving attention to the state
of the copi>er currency and in January of 1786 had referred
to the Board of Treasury a letter regarding a federal mint
from Matthias Ogden,® Essex County’s member of the New
Jersey Legislative Council. Ogden, a young hero of the Revo-
lution, held the contract for transporting the mails between
New York and Philadelphia over the old line of stages in
which he owned an interest.® In March of 1786 he had intro-
duced a bill to establish a copper coinage in New Jersey which
had unanimously passed the Council only to be rejected in the
Assembly with Daniel Marsh’s vote cast against it.

By the time the next sitting of the legislature convened,
Ogden had disposed of his interest in the stages and had the
permission of Congress to shift the mail transport to Marsh’s
new line.'® This or some otlier considerations must have
changed Marsh’s attitude toward a State coinage of coppers.
As one of a committee of four, appointed by the Assembly,
to confer with a trio of Englishmen petitioning for a contract
for such a coinage, he introduced a bill in behalf of the peti-
tioners entitled “An Act for the Establishment of a Coinage
of Copper in this State.” **

This bill was enacted into law on June 1, 1786 with Marsh
and Ogden both recorded as voting “Aye.” It granted to the
three contractors, Walter Mould, Thomas Goadsby and Albion
Cox the privilege of coining 3,000,000 coppers, each to con-
tain' 150 grains of pure copper arid to bear such marks and
inscriptions as should be directed by the Justices of the
Supreme Court. They were to be valued at 15 to the Jersey
shilling and the total amount was to be completed within two
years. For the privilege the contractors were required to pay
in to the State Treasury one tenth of the coins struck each
quarter and to give at least two sufficient sureties for their
faithful performance of the contract.”

With the contract secured the contractors by what may seem
to be more than mere coincidence, proceeded to lease as their
mint the mills of Daniel Marsh, and Matthias Ogden, bound
himself to Marsh as surety for Mould and Cox. The lease
itself has not been found but that it was recorded on page 217
of Liber A, Essex County Deeds, is attested by the Grantor
and Grantee indices which survived a 19th century fire which

^Advertisement in Nezv York Gacctccr, Jan. 24, 1786.

^Jounwls of the Confittental Congress, XXX, p.22n.

^Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 61, pp.291-2.

^^Jounwls of the Continental Congress, XXX, p.l97.

Crosby, p. 278.

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July 1968 the COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 29

destroyed the deed book itself. Its date, June 22, 1786. is
given by Matthias Ogden in an affidavit and petition for a
writ of ne ecceat statum which he secured July 19, 1788 in an
unsuccessful effort to prevent Walter Mould escaping from
the state after having defaulted on the rents and, since Cox
was then insolvent, leaving Ogden bound for them.’-

A rule of reference by the Chancellor, Governor William
Livingston, filed June 7, 1788, in a complaint of Cox against
Goadsby required that Cox, if successful in proving his com-
plaint, should ^‘exonerate the Security now liable to pay the
Rents of the Mills agreeably to the Contract with Daniel
Marsh.’’ It further stipulated that ‘‘all the implements, tools
and other property, taken from the said Works by a Writ of
Replevin, be returned and put in the same state as much as
possible they were in when taken away.”^®

The Writ referred to was issued January 29, 1788 at the
request of Cox.^*^ It directed the sheriff of Essex County “to
replevin and deliver’’ to Cox “Two Iron Cutting Presses, one
pair of Rollers, Twelve Ingots for Casting Copper. Six hun-
dred Wait of Blanks for making Copper pence and Sixty
Ingots of Copper and one Coining Press which Thomas
Goadsby hath taken and unjustly detains against the said Cox
and his Pledges.’’ Part of these items were signed for by
Matthias Ogden on February 9, 1788 as “Received at Rahway
Mills” and “taken from Mr. Thomas Goadsby on 30 January
1788 at said Mills, by virtue of a writ of replevin against
him.”i«

The amount of the rents and the term of the lease are given
in letters written by Jonathan Dayton, Matthias Ogden’s
brother-in-law, to John Cleves Symmes in 1789 after the
death of Walter Mould in Ohio. “As the surety of Messrs.
Mould and Cox he (Ogden) has been obligated to pay for
them . . . one year’s rent of the mill which is £130.** and
later “Genl. Ogden having made a liberal & advantageous
offer for giving up the mills which Mould and Cox had taken
for seven years at ;^130 per ann., for the payment of which
he had unhappily bound himself as surety . . .

The exact date when coining started at the Mills has not
been determined but we shall establish that it was well ahead
of the other locations. It appears to have been subsequent to
November 17, 1786 when Goadsby and Cox petitioned the
legislature for a revision of the contract that would sever their

i-N.J. Court of Chancery records, Ogden vs Mould.

13] hid, Cox vs. Goadsby.

Hist. Soc. Mss. A 78.246.

15N.J. Hist. Soc. Mss. Caleb Camp Papers.

i^'Bcverly W. Bond, Jr., The Correspondence of John Cleves Symmes,

I». 231 an<l p. 238.

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 30

rights from Mould.^^ They alleged that although they had
completed their establishment of ‘‘rolling mill, furnaces, cut-
ting and coining presses, unwrought copper and copper ore’’
all without any assistance from Mould, he still prevented their
start at coining by his refusal to join with them in the legally
required bond surety which they had already posted with the
treasurer. When on November 22, 1786 the legislature enacted
the requested severance, there was no further bar to an imme-
diate start

That the coining did commence promptly thereafter would
be inferrable from the fact that three months later on March
16, 1787 tlie Treasurer acknowledged receipt of the first quar-
terly payment of the state’s royalty. His account book shows
this to have been paid to him in the form of a parcel of the
coppers sent to him by Goadsby and Cox by the stage coach.^®
However, Walter Alould was to require considerably more
time to make the necessary arrangements for starting the
coining of his one-third of the originally authorized amount.
His removal to Morris County is established as having taken
place late in March of 1787. Testimony to this effect was given
by his attorney, Caleb Russel, before Essex County Justices
on April 14, 1787, challenging the venue of the court since his
client had been a resident of Morris county for just over a
fortnight past.^®

The first payment of royalties from the Mould mint were
received by the Treasurer in coppers and was receipted for
on May 8, 1787.^® Mould’s bond and sureties for the faithful
performance of his contract had been sent to the Treasurer on
January 18, 1787 by Attorney Russel, just within the two
months permitted by the. legislature.^^ The coining, however,
could scarcely have commenced before Mould’s removal from
Essex County, or about the first of April, 1787, long after the
presses at Rahway had started their copper flood.

The third mint, “a room behind the kitchen” of Matthias
Ogden’s home in Elizabethtown, was not in operation until
considerably later. The authority for it is the recollections of
Mrs. William (Mary Barber) Chetwood, recounted to her son
Francis B. Chetwood in 1858 and recorded by him at that
time.^^ She recalled as a child of ten or twelve having seen
the coining press in operation but did not recall having seen
any rolling, annealling or cutting of planchets. Born November
1, 1780, she would have been ten years old in 1790 and only

I’XJ. Slate Library Mss., “Social and Economic.’*
i^I^rinccton University Library Mss., The Account Books of James
Mott, Treasurer of New Jersey.

1** Essex County Court of General Quarter Sessions of tlic Peace, Mss.
writ discharging Thomas Abney from indenture.

-i^See note 18 above.

Letter of transmittal now in collection of J. N. Spiro.

^^'Krosby, p. 287.

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July 1968 THE COLONIAL NEWSLETTER Page 31

six in 1786.2® Now there took place in 1789 or early 1790 a
very considerable operation of overstriking with the Jersey
copper dies a great quantity of diverse copper coins, the cir-
culation of which had been stopped by the coppers ^'panic*'
of mid 1789.2^ For the recoining of these the only operation
needed was that of the coining press. A few of the old coining
dies, originally used at the Rahway mint, together with a
number of new dies were used for this later overstriking
operation.

The rule of reference of June 7, 1788, to which we have
previously referred, besides requiring the return of all tools
and implements to the Mills, placed them all in the absolute
custody of Matthias Ogden as Trustee pending the report of
the referees. In the fall of 1789 Ogden had arranged witli
Marsh for giving up the Mills and, with the referees' report
still not forthcoming,2® it may be presumed that the coining
tools and implements were removed at that time to the Ogden
home in Elizabethtown. This presumption is confirmed, at
least with regard to the coining press, by the sale in 1794 by
Ogden's widow of ^‘one coining press'' to the first mint of the
United States.2®

Thus we can be sure that neither this Elizabethtown oper-
ation nor Mould's Morristown coining can dispute the position
of the Rahway mint as the f\rst in which were coined the
Jersey coppers.

Although this experiment in state coinage ultimately resulted
in failure, the Jersey “Horse Heads" were the sturdiest of
their contemporary rivals and outlasted them all in public
acceptance. The effect of their E PLURIBUS UNUM motto
as propaganda for a Federal government may have been con-
siderable. The copying of this motto on the coins of the
United States when Albion Cox and John Harper of the
original Rahway mint were both working at the Federal mint
may have been more than merely coincidental .2*^

The venture adds to our New Jersey Heritage a chapter of
free enterprise in coining whose imprint still stands boldly on
the coinage of our nation. Surely the site where the minting
commenced should receive broader recognition. Jointly with
the New Jersey Numismatic Society and the Historic Sites
Markers section of the Department of Conservation and
Development, our Historical Society might well undertake to
see that it does.

23Wheeler, The Ogdens of Elizabcthtoicn.

of the Common Council, New York, 21 July 1789, Vol. I.
pp. 471-2, Gazette of the United States, 22 July 1789, Pennsylvania
Gazette, 28 July 1789. The overstriking: was reported June 7, 17^ by
an Assembly Committee, Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly of
Neiv Jersey. It is attested by many of the overstruck coins still extant.

was finally rendered June 3, 1790, Unindexed Mss., New Jersey
Court of Chancery, I’lecord Vault No. 6.

Frank H. Stewart, History of the hirst Mint of the United States,
Camden, 1924, p. 175.

27 Ibid. p. ^ and p. 92.